The FERTILITY GODDESSES are the female deities to watch over and promote productivity, pregnancy, and birth in many polytheistic cultures. Iranian cultures also have praised these GODDESSES since Neolithic age until Sassanid period, and have built shrines and statues to satisfy them. Plurality of FERTILITY statues shows life rules from our ancestors’ standpoint, and their constant panic of nature rage.To more easy classification, we have surveyed these objects in seven epochs: Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Achaemenidera, Seleucid-Parthian era, and Sassanidera. It should be mentioned that this approximate classification cannot represent style similarity.

Some folktales have a mythic origin. In these tales, characters and events are based on a myth, and an ancient belief. One of these myths is "the GODDESSES". Their holiness, importance and their various characteristics have the capacity to create remarkable, variant themes in myths. In this article, the descriptive-analytic method is used as the research method. First, the mythological character of the goddess is introduced under these three titles: “ The Mother Goddess” , “ The Wife of Martyr” and “ Anahita” . Then, their impacts on the folktales, and the way they are represented in these stories are investigated. In order to do so, “ Qessehaye Amiyaneye Farsi” by Seyyed Abolghasem Enjavi Shirazi, and “ Afsanehaye Azarbayjan” by Samad Behrangi have been examined.

The worship of cattle, especially bull and cow was common in ancient cultures, from Egypt to the Indus valley , and many of its signs can be seen in images, texts and myths. Many of the gods and GODDESSES were bull or cow. The religion of the indigenous peoples of the Plateau are similar to the mentioned cultures and the image of a cow goddess on the Elamite seal the third millennium BC has been obtained. But in Iran, due to the arrival of the Aryans and the emergence and domination of the Zoroastrian religion and the changes that occurred in the sources of the Zoroastrian religion, there are various ambiguities and opinions about the Iranian GODDESSES. It is assumed that due to centuries of proximity of the indigenous peoples and newcomers and cultural ties with other areas, religious interactions have taken place. The main question is which GODDESSES can be a good example for a cow goddess like other civilizations? The aim of this study is to select two or three cow GODDESSES in Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Indian cultures and by comparative study and using the three universal and widespread symbols of cow, milk and tree of life as the main criterion and characteristic of the great GODDESSES, we will show that some of these characteristic can be matched with the GODDESSES; Drvasp (Goṧurvan), Anahita and Sepandarmaz. The two symbols of the milk and the tree of life have been seen in all ancient times and their association with the symbol of the cow in most cultures provides a good criterion for knowing more about the GODDESSES of Iran. This article has been done by descriptive- comparative and analytical method and using library resources. The lack of a study focused on the leading Iranian GODDESSES necessitates a comparative study.

Myth, as subjective truth of the primal man, is reflective of his/her ideals and desires and has shown itself in different forms up till now. Myths have an idealistic aspect which makes the hero appear not as a normal but as a powerful entity and god. Every woman has an archetype of a goddess in her inside that guides her morality and character, which is the symbol of her ideals. By employing descriptive-analytical and library methods and considering the myths of matriarchy, the present article tries to show the archetypes that are effective on the behavior of heroines.

Al-Lat, al-Uzza, and Manat are among the Arabian ideas which are mentioned in the Quran and which, throughout history, have been studied by many scholars. While the common idea is that these GODDESSES are “ daughters of Allah” or “ Banat Allah, ” in the vast majority of the early Islamic sources, such a identifiation is not attributed to them and even the daughters of Allah have mostly been specified as angels. This study examines the nature of these GODDESSES and their relationship with the idea of "daughters of Allah". Considering pre-Quranic sources as well as the verses of the Quran, this study conducts a critical reading of the early Islamic literature. The most important questions are as follows: who are alLat, al-Uzza, and Manat? How are they introduced in pre-Quranic sources, the Quran, and the early Islamic sources? What is the relationship between these Arabian GODDESSES and the idea of "daughters of Allah" in each of these sources? And how these sources help us to understand the nature of these deities? The findings of this study indicate that although the Arabian GODDESSES are not referred to as "daughters of Allah" in the Quran and preQuranic sources, given the contradictions and differences in the early Muslims Material, this belief can be considered possible among pre-Islamic Arabs.

The current study aimed to optimize artificial insemination in aged broiler breeder hens in two experiments. In the first experiment, the effect of (two) different diluted semen temperatures (5 and 25 °C) of Hubbard rooster (40 roosters, 58 weeks of age) on FERTILITY, hatchability and sperm penetration (SP) rate in the perivitelline layer of Hubbard hen (180 hens) were investigated. In the second experiment, three (different) sperm concentrations (100 (C100), 200 (C200), and 400 (C400) million sperm in 0.25 mL per hen) of Hubbard roosters (40 roosters, 62 weeks of age) on FERTILITY, hatchability and SP rate of Hubbard broiler breeder hens (270 hens) were explored. In the first experiment, the results showed that the temperature of 5 °C of diluted semen compared to the 25 °C, increased percentage of hatchability of set eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, and SP and decreased early embryonic mortality. The results of the second experiment showed the highest percentage of FERTILITY and SP rate were observed at treatment C400. Also, in this experiment that highest percentage of hatchability of set eggs and hatchability of fertile eggs and lowest early embryonic mortality were observed at treatment C400. Return on investment (ROI) of the treatments C200 and C400 was approximately 2.9 and 1.4, respectively. In overall, the results of this study showed that (in attention to ROI and hatchability) to optimize artificial insemination of aged broiler breeder hens we can use a sperm concentration of 200 to 400 million in 0.25 mL per hens at 5 °C.

Research in mythology, by comparing the literature and culture of nations, leads to discovery of universal symbols. By studying the literary texts of the Indo-European nations, it can be seen that their myths, legends and epics reflect a common worldview. One of the important themes in these texts is the place of women and their special characteristics in mythological beliefs and rituals. The present article seeks to compare the role of women in the two epics of Odyssey and Darab Nama of Tarsusi with a mythological perspective and a comparative approach. Accordingly, the prominent functions of the main female characters in these two works and their similarities are considered. After mentioning the characteristics and functions of Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom and war, and Buran-Dokht, the wonder heroine of Darab Nama, the authors try to show that Buran-Dokht is a latter-day recreation of Iranian goddess, Anahita who has a similar position to Athena. This kind of similarity in the epics of the two different cultures shows the common origins of the mythological characters in the literature of nations.

GODDESSES, among other deities, are impressive and meaningful in the life of ancient people. They have drawn attention in the most ancient civilizations, such as Greece and Mesopotamia, and especially they have been connected to the thoughts of ancient Iranians. So, understanding the ancient spiritual world in the epics will be deficient, if we don’t pay due attention to femininity of the GODDESSES. The authors of the present article try to study the role of woman in the myth of creation and myths of feminine divines based on historical and mythical resources. This point is made with regard to the age of matriarchy and worshiping of the female gods, the role of women in the myth of creation and divine feminine myths. It seems that from historical and ethnological point of views the worshiping GODDESSES occurs in the same age as matriarchy and centrality of communities based on women-mothers. The chronological precedence of matriarchy over patriarchy and the coincidence of worshiping GODDESSES and age of matriarchy show that impressive gods were female, but because of social changes in the passage of time the power of women-mothers have eroded and transformed to men-fathers and as a result the importance of the GODDESSES were lost.

Mythical legends include the folk legends of people in which there are thoughts and mythical beliefs. One of mythical beliefs that continues to survive in the legends is the FERTILITY myth. The myth of FERTILITY is justified of the mythologist man about the death and reborn of the plants annually. The legend of Three Sisters and Neilabak and other narratives are mythological legends which contents are based on the actions of gods which relate to nature. The basic question of this essay is that, is the inner structure the legend of Three Sisters and Neilabak and other narratives of this legend based on FERTILITY myth? According to surveys, the legend of Three Sisters and Neilabak and other narratives of this legend are among the mythological legends that their contents are based on the FERTILITY myth. The most important thematic of the FERTILITY myth in this legend are: The presence of women's GODDESSES’ FERTILITY, revenge against the goddess of vegetation, absence and death of the goddess of vegetation, the rise of a the goddess of vegetation among the others, the growing of plant from blood, the water drown into the fire, sacrifice, doom of goddess of vegetation and the marriage of the goddess of vegetation with FERTILITY GODDESSES. The methodology is based on and descriptiveanalytical library resources.

Woman and her functions are among the most important issues in mythology and epic in a way that Carl Gustav Jung introduces woman-mother as one of his archetypes. Based on the different cultures and societies in which women live, they play different roles in the mythology around the world and in Iran. Women’ s functions appeared as GODDESSES in myths, and as great deeds by great women in epics. The effects of GODDESSES on women in epics are either direct or indirect. One of the reflections of female functions in epics is their attitude in their lamentations and dirges. This is an analytical-descriptive study to examine the lamentations and dirges of some prominent woman figures in Shahnameh such as Tahmineh, Faranguis, Jarireh, Katayun and her daughters, in order to study their roles such as advice giving, kindness, FERTILITY, fighting with enemies, benevolence, training, etc. These are among the most important functions for mother GODDESSES and the woman archetype.